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Joan of Arc remains one of the most iconic figures of the late medieval period, known for her role in the Hundred Years’ War and her influence on French history. Her story is intertwined with the broader context of political upheaval, religious conflict, and social change that characterized the late Middle Ages.
Introduction to the Late Medieval Period
The late medieval period, spanning roughly from the 14th to the 15th century, was a time of significant upheaval and transformation in Europe. It saw the decline of feudalism, the rise of centralized monarchies, and profound religious conflicts.
Joan of Arc: The Maid of Orléans
Born around 1412 in Domrémy, France, Joan of Arc claimed to have received divine visions instructing her to support Charles VII and recover France from English occupation. Her leadership at the Siege of Orléans marked a turning point in the Hundred Years’ War.
Despite her lack of formal military training, Joan’s courage and conviction inspired French troops. Her presence boosted morale and helped secure a series of victories that ultimately contributed to Charles VII’s coronation as king.
Captured by Burgundian forces in 1430, Joan was handed over to the English and put on trial for charges including heresy and witchcraft. Her trial was politically motivated, and she was found guilty. She was executed in 1431 at the age of 19.
In 1456, a posthumous retrial cleared her of all charges, and she was canonized as a saint in 1920 by the Catholic Church, cementing her legacy as a symbol of faith and patriotism.
Other Key Figures of the Late Medieval Period
The late medieval era was shaped by numerous influential figures whose actions and ideas influenced the course of history. Here are some notable personalities:
King Charles VII of France
Charles VII played a crucial role in restoring French monarchy and authority during a time of internal strife and external invasion. His support for Joan of Arc was pivotal in turning the tide of the Hundred Years’ War.
Joachim of Fiore
This Italian theologian and mystic proposed a new understanding of history and the divine plan, influencing religious thought and reform movements in the late Middle Ages.
William of Ockham
A Franciscan friar and philosopher, William of Ockham is best known for Ockham’s Razor, advocating for simplicity in theological and philosophical explanations. His ideas challenged the authority of the church and contributed to the intellectual currents leading to the Renaissance.
Legacy of the Late Medieval Figures
The key figures of this period, including Joan of Arc, Charles VII, and others, left lasting legacies. Their actions helped shape the political, religious, and cultural landscape of Europe, paving the way for the Renaissance and modern nation-states.