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Feudalism was a dominant social and economic system in medieval Europe, shaping the structure of society from the 9th to the 15th centuries. In England, the Norman Conquest of 1066, led by William the Conqueror, played a crucial role in establishing and reinforcing feudal practices that would influence the country for centuries.
The Origins of Feudalism
Feudalism emerged as a response to the need for protection and stability after the fall of the Western Roman Empire. Land became the primary resource, and its control was vital for power and wealth. Lords owned large estates, and vassals pledged loyalty and military service in exchange for land or fiefs.
William the Conqueror’s Role
William the Conqueror, also known as William I of England, revolutionized the English social hierarchy after his victory at the Battle of Hastings. He introduced a new system of landholding that centralized power under the crown and formalized the feudal structure.
The Domesday Book
In 1086, William commissioned the Domesday Book, a detailed survey of landholdings and resources across England. This record helped William assess taxes and assert control over his new kingdom, reinforcing the feudal system.
Feudal Hierarchy Under William
- King: The ultimate authority, owning all land in England.
- Nobles: Lords and barons granted land by the king, who in turn had vassals.
- Vassals: Knights and lesser lords sworn to serve their lords.
- Serfs and Peasants: The lowest class, working the land and providing food and services.
Impact of Feudalism on Medieval Society
Feudalism created a rigid social structure that defined the rights and responsibilities of each class. It provided security and order in a time of frequent invasions and political instability. However, it also limited social mobility and concentrated power in the hands of a few.
Legacy of William’s Feudal System
William’s implementation of feudal practices laid the foundation for medieval governance and land tenure. Many of these customs persisted for centuries, influencing the development of English law and society. The feudal system gradually declined with the advent of centralized monarchies and changes in military technology.