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Discovering Mohenjo-daro: Excavations and What They Reveal About Ancient India
Mohenjo-daro is one of the most important archaeological sites of the Indus Valley Civilization, which thrived around 2500 BCE in what is now Pakistan. Its discovery has provided invaluable insights into one of the world’s earliest urban societies.
The Discovery of Mohenjo-daro
The site was first identified in the 1920s by British archaeologists. The name “Mohenjo-daro” means “Mound of the Dead” in Sindhi, reflecting the mound-like appearance of the ruins. Excavations began soon after, revealing a well-planned city with sophisticated infrastructure.
Excavation Findings
- Urban Planning: Mohenjo-daro was laid out in a grid pattern with wide streets and drainage systems.
- Buildings: Structures included residential homes, public baths, and granaries.
- Water Management: Advanced drainage and water supply systems indicate a high level of engineering.
- Artifacts: Items such as pottery, jewelry, and seals depict a vibrant trade and cultural life.
What the Excavations Reveal About Society
The findings suggest a society with a strong emphasis on urban organization, public sanitation, and trade. The uniformity of the bricks and the standardization of artifacts imply a centralized authority or organized governance.
Trade and Economy
Mohenjo-daro was a hub of commerce, with evidence of trade routes extending into Mesopotamia and Persia. The discovery of seals and weights indicates a regulated economy and possibly a form of early currency.
Religious and Cultural Aspects
Artifacts such as figurines and seals with animal motifs suggest religious or cultural symbolism. The Great Bath indicates ritualistic practices or communal activities, highlighting the social cohesion of the city.
Significance of Mohenjo-daro Today
Studying Mohenjo-daro helps us understand the complexities of early urban life in South Asia. It challenges modern perceptions of ancient societies and emphasizes the importance of archaeological research in uncovering human history.
Preservation and Ongoing Research
Today, Mohenjo-daro faces threats from environmental factors and urban development. Preservation efforts are ongoing to protect this UNESCO World Heritage Site for future generations and continued study.
Educational Value
The site serves as an educational resource, inspiring curiosity about ancient civilizations and their contributions to human progress. It also provides lessons on urban planning, engineering, and social organization.